COEDUCACIÓN EN EL ÁMBITO FAMILIAR: UN ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO DE LAS ACTITUDES HACIA LA IGUALDAD DE GÉNERO EN FAMILIAS ESPAÑOLAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/de.v8iEspeciam.9699Resumo
RESUMEN
El presente artículo analiza el posicionamiento de las familias hacia la igualdad de género en función de tres tipos de actitudes (bloqueadoras, adaptativas y coeducativas). Para ello, se examinaron las respuestas obtenidas por 83 padres y 92 madres en el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la coeducación de GONZÁLEZ-PIÑAL, RODRÍGUEZ y GARCÍA (2013); teniendo en cuenta variables como la edad y el sexo de los progenitores, núcleo familiar, nivel de estudios y nacionalidad. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la mayoría de las familias mostraron actitudes coeducativas, aunque las madres manifestaron actitudes más igualitarias que los padres. Un número importante de padres no respondieron de forma coeducativa a las cuestiones. Es necesario, por tanto, que los padres participen en programas educativos encaminados a despatriarcalizar la educación y a fomentar un trato igualitario en el ámbito familiar, que permita a los niños y niñas construir identidades libres de estereotipos de género.
PALABRAS-CLAVE: Actitudes coeducativas. Familias. Despatriarcalización. Estereotipos de género.
Downloads
Referências
BAKER, Erin. R.; TISAK, Marie. S.; TISAK, John. What can boys and girls do? Preschoolers’ perspectives regarding gender roles across domains of behavior. Soc. Psychol. Educ. 19, 2015 p. 23–39. Disponível em: <https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11218-015-9320-z>. Acesso em: 26 noviembre 2019
BANDURA, Albert. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
BANDURA, Albert; WALTERS, Richard. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1963.
BEJARANO, María Teresa; MARTÍNEZ, Irene; BLANCO, Monserrat. Coeducar hoy. Reflexiones desde las pedagogías feministas para la despatriarcalización del curriculum. Revista electrónica Tendencias pedagógicas. n. 34, 2019, p. 37-50. Disponível em: <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6999791>. Acesso em: 3 Oct. 2019
BEM, Sandra Lipsitz. Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing. Psychological Review 88, 1981. 354-364 p.
BIAN Lin.; LESLIE Sarah-Jane ; CIMPIAN Andrei. Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests. Science 355, 2017 p.389–391. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28126816>. Acesso em: 17 de noviembre 2019
BRAZELTON, Thomas Berry; GREENSPAN, Stanley. Las necesidades básicas de la infancia. Lo que cada niño o niña precisa para vivir, crecer y aprender. Barcelona: Editora Graó, 2005. 260 p.
BULANDA, Ronald. Paternal Involvement with Children: The Influence of Gender Ideologies. Journal of Marriage and Family. 66, 2004. p.40 – 45. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227782934_Paternal_Involvement_with_Children_The_Influence_of_Gender_Ideologies>. Acesso em: 7 de noviembre de 2019
BUSSEY, Kay; BANDURA, Albert. Self-regulatory mechanisms govern-ing gender development. Child Development, 63, 1992. p.1236-1250. Disponível em: <https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01692.x>. Acesso em: 04 junio 2019
CEBALLOS, Esperanza. Coeducación en la familia: Una cuestión pendiente para la mejora de la calidad de vida de las mujeres. Revista Electrónica universitaria de Formación del Profesorado, vol. 17, nº 1. Enero-abril 2014. p. 1-14. Disponível em: <https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2170/217030664002.pdf>. Acesso em: 10 sep. 2019
CRAWFORD, Mary. Transformations. Women, gender & psychology. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006. 449 p.
EAGLY Alice H; Wood Wendy. Social role theory. In Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology Vol. 2 eds P. van Lange, Kruglanski A., Higgins E. T., editors. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; ), 2001. 458–476 p.
ENDENDIJK, Joice; GROENEVELD, Marleen; VAN BERKEL, Sheila; HALLERS-HAALBOOM, Elizabeth; MESMAN, Judi y BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG, Marian. Gender Stereotypes in the Family Context: Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings. Sex roles, New York, v.68, p.1-15, 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/gender-stereotypes-in-the-family-context-mothers-fathers-and-siblings-YL6Zqiy7tO>. Acceso em: 05 de julio de 2019.
ENDENJIK, Joice; GROENEVELD, Marleen; VAN DER POL, Lotte; VAN BERKEL, Sheila; HALLERS-HAALBOOM, Elizabeth; BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG, Marian; MESMAN, Judi. Gender Differences in Child Aggression: Relations With Gender-Differentiated Parenting and Parents’ Gender-Role Stereotypes. Child Development, Washington, v.88, n.1, p. 299-317, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304815448_Gender_Differences_in_Child_Aggression_Relations_With_Gender-Differentiated_Parenting_and_Parents'_Gender-Role_Stereotypes>. Acceso em: 12 de julio de 2019.
FAGOT, Beverly. I; HAGAN, Richard. Observations of parent reactions to sex-stereotyped behaviors: Age and sex effects. Child Development, 62(3), 1991. p.617–628. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01556.x>. Acesso en: 23 julio 2019
FAGOT, Beverly. I.; KAVANAGH, Kate. Parenting during the second year:Effects of children’s age, sex, and attachment classification. Child Development, 64, 1993. p.258-271. Disponível em: <https://www.jstor.org/stable/i247395>. Acesso em: 23 julio 2019
FLAQUER, Lluís. El destino de la familia. Barcelona: Ariel, 1998, 59 p.
FREEMAN, Nancy. Preschoolers’ Perceptions of Gender Appropriate Toys and their Parents’ Beliefs About Genderized Behaviors: Miscommunication, Mixed Messages, or Hidden Truths? Early Childhood Education Journal,Pittsburg, v. 34, n. 5, p. 357-366, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s10643-006-0123-x 2007.
FREEDMAN-DOAN Carol, WIGFIELD Allan, ECCLES Jacquelynne S., BLUMENFELD Phillips, ARBRETON Amy, HAROLD Rena. D. What am I best at? Grade and gender differences in children’s beliefs about ability improvement. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 21, 2000 p.379–402. Disponível em: <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0193-3973(00)00046-0>. Acesso en: 23 julio 2019
FUENTES, M. Jesús. Los grupos, las interacciones entre compañeros y las relaciones de amistad en la infancia y adolescencia. In: LÓPEZ, Félix.; ETXEBARRIA, Itziar; FUENTES, M. Jesús; ORTIZ, M. José. Desarrollo afectivo y social. Madrid: Pirámide, 2014, p. 151-180
GOLDEN Julia C.; JACOBY, Jennifer Wallace. Playing princess: preschool girls’ interpretations of gender stereotypes in Disney princess media. Sex Roles 79, 2018. p. 299–313. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-017-0773-8>. Acesso em: 3 octubre 2019
GÓMEZ, Esteban. MUÑOZ, M. Magdalena. Escala de Parentalidad positiva. Santiago de Chile: Fundación Ideas para la Infancia. 2015, p. 59. Disponível em: <http://danalarcon.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Manual-de-la-Escala-de-Parentalidad-Positiva-2015.pdf?1d3745>. Acesso em: 12 sep. 2019
GONZALEZ-PIÑAL, Ramón Pacheco. RODRÍGUEZ, María del Rosario, GARCÍA, Rafael. Impacto de las brechas de género y generacional en la construcción de actitudes de padres y madres frente a las innovaciones coeducativas. Revista de currículum y formación del profesorado. Granada (España), v. 17, n. 1, enero/abril. 2013. Disponível em: <https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/profesorado/article/view/41550>. Acesso em: 25 sep. 2019
HALIM, May Ling; RUBLE, Diane; TAMIS-LEMONDA, Catherine. Four-year-olds’ beliefs about how others regard males and females. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, United Kingdom, v.31, p.128–135, 2012.DOI:10.1111/j.2044-835X.2012.02084.x
KROSKA, Amy; ELMAN, Cheryl. Change in Attitudes about Employed Mothers: Exposure, Interests, and Gender Ideology Discrepancies. Social Science Research. 38, 2009. p. 366_382. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X08001300>. Acesso en: 04 junio 2019
LAFUENTE, M. Josefa; CANTERO, M José. Vinculaciones afectivas. Apego, amistad y amor. Madrid: Pirámide, 2015, 392 p.
LAMB, Michael; EASTERBROOKS, M. Ann. Individual differences in parental sensitivity: Origins, components and consequences. In: LAMB, Michael; SHERROD, Lonnie. R. (eds.). Infant Social Cognition: Theoretical and empirical considerations. 1981. p. 127-153. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
LEAPER, Campbell. Gender, affiliation, assertion and the interactive con-text of parent-child play. Developmental Psychology, 36, 2000. p.381-393. Disponível em: <https://insights.ovid.com/developmental-psychology/depsy/2000/05/000/gender-affiliation-assertion-interactive-context/8/00063061>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
LEAPER, Campbell, ANDERSON, Kristin J.; SANDERS, Paul. Moderators of gender effects on parents talk to their children: A meta-analysis. Develop-mental Psychology, 34, 1998. p. 3-27 Disponível em: <https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1997-42746-001>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
LEVY Gary. D., SADOVSKY Levy Adrienne, TROSETH Georgene L. Aspects of young children’s perceptions of gender-typed occupations. Sex Roles 42, 2000. p. 993–1006. <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1007084516910>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
LINDBERG, Sara; HYDE, Janet; HIRSCH, Liza. Gender and Mother-Child Interactions during Mathematics Homework: The Importance of Individual Differences. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 54, 2008 p. 232-255. <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/233330>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
LIPOWSKA,Małgorzata; LIPOWSKI, Mariusz; PAWLICKA, Paulina. Daughter and son: a completely different story? Gender as a moderator of the relationship between sexism and parental attitudes. Health Psychology Report, Poland, v.4, n.3, p. 224-236. Disponível em: <https://www.termedia.pl/-Daughter-and-son-a-completely-different-story-Gender-as-a-moderator-of-the-relationship-between-sexism-and-parental-attitudes,74,28300,1,1.html>. Acceso em: 13 de junio de 2019.
LYTTON, Hugh; ROMNEY, David M. Parent’s differential socializationof boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 1991. p. 267-296 <https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1991-15054-001>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
MARTIN, Carol Lynn; HALVERSON, Charles F. A schematic processing modelof sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1981. p.1119-1134 <https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ258320>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
MARTINEZ MARTIN, Irene. Construcción de una pedagogía feminista para una ciudadania transformadora y contra-hegemónica. Foro de Educación, 14 (20), 2016. p.129_151. Disponível em: <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/metricas/documento/ARTREV/5354751>. Acesso em: 12 septiembre 2019
MEEUS, Wim; OOSTERWEGEL, Annerieke; VOLLEBERGH, Wilma A.M. Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 2002. p.93_106. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0451>. Acesso em: 04 junio 2019
MESMAN, Judi; GROENEVELD, Marleen. Gendered Parenting in Early Childhood: Subtle But Unmistakable if You Know Where to Look. Child Development Perspectives, Washington, v.12, n.1, p.22-27, 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319432921_Gendered_Parenting_in_Early_Childhood_Subtle_But_Unmistakable_if_You_Know_Where_to_Look>. Acceso em: 05 de julio de 2019.
MIR, María Luisa; BATLE Margalida; HERNÁNDEZ, Marta. Contextos de colaboración familia-escuela durante la primera infancia. Revista Electrònica d’Investigació i Innovació Educativa i Socioeducativa, 1(1), 45-68. Disponível em <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3011415>. Acesso em: 24 sep. 2019
PERRONE-MCGOVERN, Kristin M., WRIGHT, Stephen L., HOWELL, Desiree; BARNUM, Emily. The gendered context of career values. In POPE, Mark, FLORES, Lisa Y., and ROTTINGHAUS, Patrick J. (Eds) The Role of Values in Careers. Greensboro, NC: Information Age Publishing. 2014
REBOLLO, Ángeles. GARCÍA, Rafael. PIEDRA, Joaquín; VEGA, Luisa. Diagnóstico de la cultura de género: actitudes del profesorado hacia la igualdad. Revista de educación, vol. 355, 2011, p. 521-546 Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277271178_Diagnostico_de_la_cultura_de_genero_en_educacion_actitudes_del_profesorado_hacia_la_igualdad>. Acesso en: 04 junio 2019
RODRÍGUEZ, Vega. La educación como ámbito prioritario de aplicación de la transversalidad de género. In: VEGA, Ana (coord.) Mujer y educación. Una perspectiva de género. Málaga: Aljibe, 2007, p. 15-30 Disponível em: <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=289778>. Acesso em: 04 junio 2019
SEBANC Anne M., PIERCE Susan L., CHEATHAM Carol L., GUNNAR Megan R. Gendered social worlds in preschool: dominance, peer acceptance and assertive social skills in boys’ and girls’ peer groups. Soc. Dev. 2003. p. 12 91–106. <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9507.00223>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
SEGATO, Rita. Contra-pedagogías de la crueldad. Argentina: Prometeo libros, 2018, 102 p.
SERBIN Lisa A., POULIN-DUBOIS Diane, EICHSTEDT Julie. A. Infants’ responses to gender-inconsistent events. Infancy 3, 2002 p. 531–542. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0304_07>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
SMITH, Peter. K.; DAGLISH, Linda. Sex differences in parent and infantbehavior in the home. Child Development, 48, 1977. p.1250-1254.Disponível em: <https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-17572-009>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
SNOW, Margaret Ellis, JACKLIN, Carol Nagy; MACCOBY, Eleanor E. Sex of child differences in father-child interaction at one year of age. Child Devel-opment, 54, 1983. p.227-232. Disponível em: <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1129880?seq=1>. Acesso em: 4 junio 2019
SUBIRATS, Marina. Coeducación, apuesta por la libertad. Barcelona: Octaedro, 2017. 148 p.
TORRES, Esteban. CONDE, Elena; RUIZ, Cristina. Desarrollo humano en la sociedad audiovisual. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2014. 328 p.
WEISGRAM, Erica; BRUUN, Samuel. Predictors of Gender-Typed Toy Purchases by Prospective Parents and Mothers: The Roles of Childhood Experiences and Gender Attitudes. Sex roles, New York, v. 79, p.342-357. DOI.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0928-2.
WILBOURN Makeba Parramore, KEE Daniel W. Henry the nurse is a doctor too: implicitly examining children’s gender stereotypes for male and female occupational roles. Sex Roles 62, 2010 p. 670–683. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-010-9773-7>. Acesso en: 04 junio 2019
WOOD, Julia. Gendered lives: Comunication, gender and culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 1997
ZIMMERMAN, Peter von. Attachment representation and characteristics of friendship relations during adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 2004 p.83-101. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022096504000220>. Acesso em: 27 sep. 2019
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Concedo a Revista Diversidade e Educação o direito de primeira publicação da versão revisada do meu artigo, licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution (que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista).
Afirmo ainda que meu artigo não está sendo submetido a outra publicação e não foi publicado na íntegra em outro periódico e assumo total responsabilidade por sua originalidade, podendo incidir sobre mim eventuais encargos decorrentes de reivindicação, por parte de terceiros, em relação à autoria do mesmo.
Também aceito submeter o trabalho às normas de publicação da Revista Diversidade e Educação acima explicitadas.
